Impact on Subsequent Pregnancies - Revision history

Barb: /* Postpartum Depression */

2026-08-02T18:39:27Z

Postpartum Depression

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	See also [http://abortionrisks.org/index.php?title=Depression#Depression_During_Subsequent_Pregnancies Depression During Subsequent Pregnancies]		See also [http://abortionrisks.org/index.php?title=Depression#Depression_During_Subsequent_Pregnancies Depression During Subsequent Pregnancies]

			'''[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33672236/ Effects of Pregnancy Loss on Subsequent Postpartum Mental Health: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.] Reardon DC, Craver C. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Feb 23;18(4):2179. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18042179. PMID: 33672236; PMCID: PMC7926811.'''<blockquote>
			Pregnancy loss, natural or induced, is linked to higher rates of mental health problems, but little is known about its effects during the postpartum period. This study identifies the percentages of women receiving at least one postpartum psychiatric treatment (PPT), defined as any psychiatric treatment (ICD-9 290-316) within six months of their first live birth, relative to their history of pregnancy loss, history of prior mental health treatments, age, and race. The population consists of young women eligible for Medicaid in states that covered all reproductive services between 1999-2012. Of 1,939,078 Medicaid beneficiaries with a first live birth, 207,654 (10.7%) experienced at least one PPT, and 216,828 (11.2%) had at least one prior pregnancy loss. A history of prior mental health treatments (MHTs) was the strongest predictor of PPT, but a history of pregnancy loss is also another important risk factor. Overall, women with a prior pregnancy loss were 35% more likely to require a PPT. When the interactions of prior mental health and prior pregnancy loss are examined in greater detail, important effects of these combinations were revealed. About 58% of those whose first MHT was after a pregnancy loss required PPT. In addition, over 99% of women with a history of MHT one year prior to their first pregnancy loss required PPT after their first live births. These findings reveal that pregnancy loss (natural or induced) is a risk factor for PPT, and that the timing of events and the time span for considering prior mental health in research on pregnancy loss can significantly change observed effects. Clinicians should screen for a convergence of a history of MHT and prior pregnancy loss when evaluating pregnant women, in order to make appropriate referrals for counseling.</blockquote>

			'''[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5429203/ Obstetrical, pregnancy and socio-economic predictors for new-onset severe postpartum psychiatric disorders in primiparous women.] Meltzer-Brody S, Maegbaek ML, Medland SE, Miller WC, Sullivan P, Munk-Olsen T. Psychol Med. 2017 Jun;47(8):1427-1441. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716003020. Epub 2017 Jan 23. PMID: 28112056; PMCID: PMC5429203.'''

			Method—A population-based cohort study using Danish registers was conducted in 392 458 primiparous women with a singleton delivery between 1995 and 2012 and no previous psychiatric history. The main outcome was first-onset postpartum psychiatric episodes. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for any psychiatric contact in four quarters for the first year postpartum.

			Results: Abortion was a predictor of all postpartum psychiatric disorders (RR 1.13, CI 1.04-1.22); postpartum depression (PPD) (RR 1.18, CI 1.03-1.37) and acute stress reactions (RR 1.11 CI 0.98-1.26).


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	:A California case-control study in 1976-78 of women with a history of one or more previous induced abortions compared to control subjects without a history of abortion found that 11.8% of women with an abortion history smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day compared to 8.1% of controls which was statistically significant.		:A California case-control study in 1976-78 of women with a history of one or more previous induced abortions compared to control subjects without a history of abortion found that 11.8% of women with an abortion history smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day compared to 8.1% of controls which was statistically significant.

	==Postpartum Depression==		==Postpartum Depression (Post Partum)==

	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007380 Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss.] Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007380 Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss.] Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.

Barb: /* Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies */

2017-11-03T15:42:30Z

Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies

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	See also [http://abortionrisks.org/index.php?title=Depression#Depression_During_Subsequent_Pregnancies Depression During Subsequent Pregnancies]		See also [http://abortionrisks.org/index.php?title=Depression#Depression_During_Subsequent_Pregnancies Depression During Subsequent Pregnancies]


			[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28079434 Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort.] Shapiro GD, Séguin JR, Muckle G, Monnier P, Fraser WD. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Jun;38(2):121-132. doi: 10.1080/0167482X.2016.1271979. Epub 2017 Jan 12.

			:INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy anxiety is an important psychosocial risk factor that may be more strongly associated with adverse birth outcomes than other measures of stress. Better understanding of the upstream predictors and causes of pregnancy anxiety could help to identify high-risk women for adverse maternal and infant outcomes. The objective of the present study was to measure the associations between five past pregnancy outcomes (live preterm birth (PTB), live term birth, miscarriage at <20 weeks, stillbirth at ≥20 weeks, and elective abortion) and pregnancy anxiety at three trimesters in a subsequent pregnancy.

			:METHODS: Analyses were conducted using data from the 3D Cohort Study, a Canadian birth cohort. Data on maternal demographic characteristics and pregnancy history for each known previous pregnancy were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires at study entry. Pregnancy anxiety for the index study pregnancy was measured prospectively by self-administered questionnaire following three prenatal study visits.

			:RESULTS: Of 2366 participants in the 3D Study, 1505 had at least one previous pregnancy. In linear regression analyses with adjustment for confounding variables, prior live term birth was associated with lower pregnancy anxiety in all three trimesters, whereas prior miscarriage was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety in the first trimester. Prior stillbirth was associated with greater pregnancy anxiety in the third trimester. Prior elective abortion was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety scores in the first and second trimesters, with an association of similar magnitude observed in the third trimester.

			:DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that the outcomes of previous pregnancies should be incorporated, along with demographic and psychosocial characteristics, into conceptual models framing pregnancy anxiety.



	[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095038 History of pregnancy loss increases the risk of mental health problems in subsequent pregnancies but not in the postpartum] Chojenta C, Harris S,Reilly N,Forder P,Austin M.-P,Loxton D PLoS ONE-4-9 (2014)		[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095038 History of pregnancy loss increases the risk of mental health problems in subsequent pregnancies but not in the postpartum] Chojenta C, Harris S,Reilly N,Forder P,Austin M.-P,Loxton D PLoS ONE-4-9 (2014)

Barb: /* Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies */

2017-02-25T21:33:18Z

Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies

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	==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==		==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==

			See also [http://abortionrisks.org/index.php?title=Depression#Depression_During_Subsequent_Pregnancies Depression During Subsequent Pregnancies]

	[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095038 History of pregnancy loss increases the risk of mental health problems in subsequent pregnancies but not in the postpartum] Chojenta C, Harris S,Reilly N,Forder P,Austin M.-P,Loxton D PLoS ONE-4-9 (2014)		[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095038 History of pregnancy loss increases the risk of mental health problems in subsequent pregnancies but not in the postpartum] Chojenta C, Harris S,Reilly N,Forder P,Austin M.-P,Loxton D PLoS ONE-4-9 (2014)

Barb: /* Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies */

2017-01-03T17:23:30Z

Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies

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	==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==		==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==


			[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0095038 History of pregnancy loss increases the risk of mental health problems in subsequent pregnancies but not in the postpartum] Chojenta C, Harris S,Reilly N,Forder P,Austin M.-P,Loxton D PLoS ONE-4-9 (2014)

			:While grief, emotional distress and other mental health conditions have been associated with pregnancy loss, less is known about the mental health impact of these events during subsequent pregnancies and births. This paper examined the impact of any type of pregnancy loss on mental health in a subsequent pregnancy and postpartum. Data were obtained from a sub-sample (N = 584) of the 1973-78 cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, a prospective cohort study that has been collecting data since 1996. Pregnancy loss was defined as miscarriage, termination due to medical reasons, ectopic pregnancy and stillbirth. Mental health outcomes included depression, anxiety, stress or distress, sadness or low mood, excessive worry, lack of enjoyment, and feelings of guilt. Demographic factors and mental health history were controlled for in the analysis. Women with a previous pregnancy loss were more likely to experience sadness or low mood (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.76, p = 0.0162), and excessive worry (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.24 to 3.24, p = 0.0043) during a subsequent pregnancy, but not during the postpartum phase following a subsequent birth. These results indicate that while women who have experienced a pregnancy loss are a more vulnerable population during a subsequent pregnancy, these deficits are not evident in the postpartum.


			[http://www.ejog.org/article/S0301-2115(12)00447-2/fulltext Pregnancy loss and anxiety and depression during subsequent pregnancies: data from the C-ABC study.] Gong X, Hao J, Tao F, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu R. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013 Jan;166(1):30-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.024. Epub 2012 Nov 10.Source
			School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.

			:OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that pregnancy loss may affect the mental health of women in subsequent pregnancies. The China Anhui Birth Defects and Child Development cohort study therefore aimed to investigate the influence of pregnancy loss on anxiety and depression in subsequent pregnancies.

			:STUDY DESIGN: In total, 20,308 pregnant women provided written informed consent and completed the study questionnaire. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale were used to evaluate anxiety and depression in pregnant women. Pearson's χ(2) test and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analyses.

			:RESULTS: Of 20,308 pregnant women, 1495 (7.36%) had a history of miscarriage and 7686 (37.85%) had a history of induced abortion. The binary logistic regression model found that pregnant women with a history of miscarriage had a significantly higher risk of anxiety and depression in the first trimester than primigravidae after stratified analysis according to the timing of the first prenatal visit (p<0.05). Compared with pregnant women with no history of miscarriage, women who had a history of miscarriage and an interpregnancy interval of less than 6 months had increased risk of anxiety symptoms (p<0.05) and depression symptoms (p<0.05) during the first trimester. Women with an interpregnancy interval of 7-12 months had a 2.511-fold higher risk of depression (p<0.05) than women with no history of miscarriage. These findings were not changed after adjustment for maternal age, maternal education, family income, place of residence and pre-pregnancy body mass index.

			:CONCLUSIONS: Women with a history of miscarriage experienced significant anxiety and depression during their next pregnancy. A short interpregnancy interval and the first trimester are risk factors for adverse mental health


			[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007380 Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss.] Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.

			:Abstract Background: Scant literature exists on whether prior pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, and/or induced abortion) increases the risk of postpartum psychiatric disorders-specifically depression and anxiety-after subsequent births. This study compares: (1) risk factors for depression and/or anxiety disorders in the postpartum year among women with and without prior pregnancy loss; and (2) rates of these disorders in women with one versus multiple pregnancy losses.
			:Methods: One-hundred-ninety-two women recruited at first-year pediatric well-child care visits from an urban pediatric clinic provided demographic information, reproductive and health histories. They also completed depression screening tools and a standard semi-structured psychiatric diagnostic interview.

			:Results: Almost half of the participants (49%) reported a previous pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, or induced abortion). More than half of those with a history of pregnancy loss reported more than one loss (52%). Women with prior pregnancy loss were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression (p=0.002) than women without a history of loss. Women with multiple losses were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression (p=0.047) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (Fisher's exact [FET]=0.028) than women with a history of one pregnancy loss. Loss type was not related to depression, although number of losses was related to the presence of depression and anxiety.

			:Conclusions: Low-income urban mothers have high rates of pregnancy loss and often have experienced more than one loss and/or more than one type of loss. Women with a history of pregnancy loss are at increased risk for depression and anxiety, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), after the birth of a child. Future research is needed to understand the reasons that previous pregnancy loss is associated with subsequent postpartum depression and anxiety among this population of women.

Barb: /* Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies */

2016-12-08T21:13:32Z

Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies

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	:Women with one previous termination displayed elevated perceived stress (adjusted mean difference 0.65; 95% CI 0.08–1.23) and depression (aOR 1.25; 95% 1.08–1.45) at 15 weeks of gestation. Women with two previous terminations displayed increased perceived stress (adjusted mean difference 1.43; 95% CI 0.00–2.87) and depression (aOR 1.67; 95% 1.28–2.18).		:Women with one previous termination displayed elevated perceived stress (adjusted mean difference 0.65; 95% CI 0.08–1.23) and depression (aOR 1.25; 95% 1.08–1.45) at 15 weeks of gestation. Women with two previous terminations displayed increased perceived stress (adjusted mean difference 1.43; 95% CI 0.00–2.87) and depression (aOR 1.67; 95% 1.28–2.18).

	:Conclusions:		:Conclusions: This study highlights the psychological implications of miscarriage and termination of pregnancy.
	This study highlights the psychological implications of miscarriage and termination of pregnancy.

Barb: /* =Substance Use */

2016-12-08T21:12:44Z

=Substance Use

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	:A Japanese study found that among women with previous pregnancy, pregnancy-related affective disorder was recognized among 27% of those expecting their first baby where there had been a previous termination of pregnancy compared to 3% of women who had no previous termination of pregnancy.		:A Japanese study found that among women with previous pregnancy, pregnancy-related affective disorder was recognized among 27% of those expecting their first baby where there had been a previous termination of pregnancy compared to 3% of women who had no previous termination of pregnancy.

	===Substance Use==		===Substance Use===

	''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12501082 History of induced abortion in relation to substance abuse during subsequent pregnancies carried to term], PK Coleman et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 1673-1678, 2002. ''		''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12501082 History of induced abortion in relation to substance abuse during subsequent pregnancies carried to term], PK Coleman et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 1673-1678, 2002. ''

Barb: /* Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies */

2016-12-08T21:12:23Z

Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:12, 8 December 2016
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	:A Japanese study found that among women with previous pregnancy, pregnancy-related affective disorder was recognized among 27% of those expecting their first baby where there had been a previous termination of pregnancy compared to 3% of women who had no previous termination of pregnancy.		:A Japanese study found that among women with previous pregnancy, pregnancy-related affective disorder was recognized among 27% of those expecting their first baby where there had been a previous termination of pregnancy compared to 3% of women who had no previous termination of pregnancy.

			===Substance Use==

			''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12501082 History of induced abortion in relation to substance abuse during subsequent pregnancies carried to term], PK Coleman et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 1673-1678, 2002. ''

			:A nationally representative sample of women using data from the National Pregnancy and Health Survey found that, compared to women who had given birth, women who had had an induced abortion were significantly more likely to use marijuana (OR 10.29,95%CI, 3.47-30.56) , various illicit drugs (OR 5.60, 95%CI, 2.39-13.10) , and alcohol (OR 2.22,95%CI, 1.31-3.76) during their next pregnancy. An average of 5 years had elapsed since a prior abortion; an average of 3.42 years had elapsed since a prior birth.

			''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15969853 Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy.] Coleman P., Reardon D., Cougle J. Br J Health Psychol 2005; 10: 255–68.''

			:Abstract
			:OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of this study were to explore maternal history of perinatal loss and pregnancy wantedness as correlates of substance use during pregnancy.
			:METHOD: The research design involved interviewing women who gave birth in Washington DC hospitals during 1992. Interview data included pregnancy history (prior births, induced abortions, miscarriages, and stillbirths), desire for the pregnancy (wanted, not wanted, mistimed), socio-demographic information, timing of onset of prenatal care, and substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs) during pregnancy.
			:RESULTS: A history of induced abortion was associated with elevated risk for maternal substance use of various forms; whereas other forms of perinatal loss (miscarriage and stillbirth) were not related to substance use. Unwanted pregnancy was associated with cigarette smoking during pregnancy, but not with any other forms of substance use.
			:CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive history information may offer insight to professionals pertaining to the likelihood of women using substances in a later pregnancy.

			'''"Patterns of Alcohol and Cigarette Use in Pregnancy," J. Kuzma and D. Kissinger, Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 3:211-221(1981).'''
			:In a California study of more than 12,000 women during 1975-1977, of those having a history of two or more abortions, virtually all (98.5%) consumed alcohol throughout the entire 9 months of a subsequent pregnancy and at higher levels than any of the other categories studied (up to 3 oz. per day) Overall, 51% of the women drank and 35% smoked during the pregnancy.

			'''Impact of induced abortions on subsequent pregnancy outcome: the 1995 French national perinatal pregnancy survey, L Henriet, M Kaminski, Br J Obstet Gynaecol 108:1036-1042, 2001'''
			:A 1995 French national survey of women who delivered a singleton birth found that 23.6% of the women smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy where there was no induced abortion history compared to 34.5% for women with a history of one induced abortion, and 42% of women with a history of two or more induced abortions. Women with abortion history were also more likely to be heavier smokers compared to women with no abortion history.

			'''"Induced abortion is not a cause of subsequent pre-term delivery in teenage pregnancies," TT Lao and LF Ho, Human Reproduction 13(3): 758, 1998.'''
			:In a Hong Kong study, 39% of teenage mothers with a history of induced abortion who delivered were smokers compared to 14.4% of teenage mothers who delivered but had no induced abortion history.

			'''"A study on the effects of induced abortion on subsequent pregnancy outcome," C. Madore, W.E. Hawes, F. Many, A.C. Hexter, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 139: 516, 1981.'''
			:A California case-control study in 1976-78 of women with a history of one or more previous induced abortions compared to control subjects without a history of abortion found that 11.8% of women with an abortion history smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day compared to 8.1% of controls which was statistically significant.

	==Postpartum Depression==		==Postpartum Depression==

Barb at 21:02, 8 December 2016

2016-12-08T21:02:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:02, 8 December 2016
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			A history of abortion may effect subsequent pregnancies both emotionally and physically. It may contribute to how soon a woman become pregnant via a [Replacement Pregnancies/Rapid Repeat Pregnancies After Abortion \|replacement pregnancy], or it may lead to difficulties becoming pregnant due to physical effects on fertility and the capability to carry to term, and it may also impact the woman's ability to cope with pregnancy and increase the risk of psychological difficulties both during and subsequent to the later pregnancy.


	==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==		==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==

	A history of abortion may effect subsequent pregnancies both emotionally and physically. It may contribute to how soon a woman become pregnant via a [Replacement Pregnancies/Rapid Repeat Pregnancies After Abortion \|replacement pregnancy], or it may lead to difficulties becoming pregnant due to physical effects on fertility and the capability to carry to term, and it may also impact the woman's ability to cope with pregnancy and increase the risk of psychological difficulties both during and subsequent to the later pregnancy.

Barb at 21:01, 8 December 2016

2016-12-08T21:01:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:01, 8 December 2016
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	==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==		==Mental Health Impact During Later Pregnancies==

			A history of abortion may effect subsequent pregnancies both emotionally and physically. It may contribute to how soon a woman become pregnant via a [Replacement Pregnancies/Rapid Repeat Pregnancies After Abortion \|replacement pregnancy], or it may lead to difficulties becoming pregnant due to physical effects on fertility and the capability to carry to term, and it may also impact the woman's ability to cope with pregnancy and increase the risk of psychological difficulties both during and subsequent to the later pregnancy.

Barb: /* Impact on Later Pregnancies */

2016-12-08T20:57:11Z

Impact on Later Pregnancies

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	== [[Replacement Pregnancies/Rapid Repeat Pregnancies After Abortion \| See Replacement Pregnancies]] ==		== [[Replacement Pregnancies/Rapid Repeat Pregnancies After Abortion \| See Replacement Pregnancies]] ==

	=== [[Impact on Later Pregnancies]] ===		== [[Impact on Later Pregnancies]] ==