Supplement 2 - Revision history

Barb: /* Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)/Preeclampsia */

2026-06-23T15:20:55Z

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)/Preeclampsia

Barb: /* Pregnancy Reactions/Unwanted Pregnancy */

2013-05-06T18:14:36Z

Pregnancy Reactions/Unwanted Pregnancy

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 6 May 2013
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	Informed consent before induced abortion should include information about the subsequent risk of preterm delivery and depression. Although it remains uncertain whether elective abortion increases subsequent breast cancer, it is clear that a decision to abort and delay having a baby results in a loss of protection with the net effect being an increased risk.		Informed consent before induced abortion should include information about the subsequent risk of preterm delivery and depression. Although it remains uncertain whether elective abortion increases subsequent breast cancer, it is clear that a decision to abort and delay having a baby results in a loss of protection with the net effect being an increased risk.

	~~==Pregnancy Reactions/Unwanted Pregnancy ==~~

	~~The intendedness of pregnancy: a concept in transition, LV Klerman, Maternal and Child Health Journal 4(3):155-162, 2000~~		== Grief and Loss Following Abortion ==

	The terms, "intended", "unintended", "mistimed", "wanted", "unwanted" and "planned" are often used without significant attention being paid to their meaning or how they were derived from survey questions. There is a particular need to distinguish between terms that define attitudes and those that define behaviors.

	~~Unintended pregnancy in a commercially insured population, DC Green et al, Maternal and Child Health Journal 6(3):181-187, 2002.~~

	Women who reported that the partner did not want the pregnancy were 7.4 times more likely than women whose partner wanted the pregnancy to regard the pregnancy as unintended. Only 40% of the women with an unintended birth used birth control, and 64% of those used less effective methods such as condoms and diaphragms.



	== Grief and Loss Following Abortion

	Short-term grief after an elective abortion, GB Williams, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nursing 30(2): 174-183, 2001.		Short-term grief after an elective abortion, GB Williams, J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nursing 30(2): 174-183, 2001.
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	==Abortion-Related Guilt/Regret/Violation of Conscience or Belief		==Abortion-Related Guilt/Regret/Violation of Conscience or Belief ==

	Women's Experiences of and Reactions to Antiabortion Counseling, C Cozzarelli et al, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 22(4): 265-275,2000.		Women's Experiences of and Reactions to Antiabortion Counseling, C Cozzarelli et al, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 22(4): 265-275,2000.

	Women who encountered abortion protestors when they were about to enter an abortion facility responded with considerable guilt and shame as well as anger. Women who were personally conflicted about abortion were more likely to experience guilt but not anger. Emotional responses of women also included being sad, afraid, confused , and wrong.		Women who encountered abortion protestors when they were about to enter an abortion facility responded with considerable guilt and shame as well as anger. Women who were personally conflicted about abortion were more likely to experience guilt but not anger. Emotional responses of women also included being sad, afraid, confused , and wrong.





	== Dissociation ==		== Dissociation ==

Barb: /* Adolescent Breast Cancer Risk */

2013-05-06T18:10:09Z

Adolescent Breast Cancer Risk

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 6 May 2013
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	~~==Adolescent Breast Cancer Risk ==~~

	~~Adolescent Reproductive Events and Subsequent Breast Cancer Risk, PM Marcus et al, American Journal Public Health 89(8):1244, 1999.~~

	Among parous premenopausal women who were breast-feeding before 20 years of age compared to no history of breast-feeding , there was a substantial risk reduction for breast cancer (OR 0.2, 95%CI, 0.1-0.6).

Barb: /* Differential Psychosocial Impact on Adolescents */

2013-05-06T18:09:11Z

Differential Psychosocial Impact on Adolescents

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	~~==Differential Psychosocial Impact on Adolescents ==~~

	~~Mental health may deteriorate as a direct effect of induced abortion, C Morgan et al, British Medical Journal 314:902, 1997.~~

	The frequency of admission per 1000 population for attempted suicide by pregnancy event in women aged 15-19 in South Glamorgan Health Authority from 1991-1995 was 3.6 per 1000 before induced abortion and 10.8 per 1000 after induced abortion compared to 14.0 per 1000 before delivery and 2.6 per 1000 after delivery.

	~~Psychiatric admissions of low income women following abortion and child- birth, DC Reardon et al, Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(10); 1253 2003.~~

	The frequency of psychiatric admission rates for women age 13-19 for a 4 year period following their pregnancy outcome was 915.4 per 100,000 following abortion compared to 517 per 100,000 following delivery (OR 1.8, 95%CI, 1.1-2.9).

	~~Differential Physical Complications of Adolescent Abortion~~

	~~Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents, V Igra, AIDS Patient Care STDS 12(2): 109-124, 1998 (Abstract).~~

	One in five cases of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) occurs among younger women less than 19 years of age. The risk of developing PID for a 15 year old sexually active girl is estimated to be 10 times that of a 24 year old woman. The higher risk of PID for younger women has been attributed to their greater biologic vulnerability and their behavioral and cognitive risk factors.

Barb: /* Psychiatric or Psychological Hospitalization or Consultation */

2013-05-06T18:05:50Z

Psychiatric or Psychological Hospitalization or Consultation

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	A national sample of unintended pregnancies from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that, compared to women whose first pregnancy was delivered, women whose first pregnancy ended in abortion were 65% more likely to score in the "high-risk" range for clinical depression. Differences between the abortion and birth groups were higher for white women (79% higher) , married women (116% higher) , and women whose first marriage did not end in divorce (119% higher).		A national sample of unintended pregnancies from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that, compared to women whose first pregnancy was delivered, women whose first pregnancy ended in abortion were 65% more likely to score in the "high-risk" range for clinical depression. Differences between the abortion and birth groups were higher for white women (79% higher) , married women (116% higher) , and women whose first marriage did not end in divorce (119% higher).



	~~== Psychiatric or Psychological Hospitalization or Consultation ==~~

	~~Psychiatric admissions of low-income women following abortion and child birth, DC Reardon et al, Canadian Medical Association Journal 168:1253-1256, 2003.~~

	A large scale study of low income California women who received medical assistance for abortion or childbirth in 1989, and had no psychiatric claims for one year prior to pregnancy resolution found that, within 90 days after pregnancy resolution, the abortion group had 160% more total in-patient mental health claims than the birth group. Percentages equaled 120%, 90%, 110%, 60%, and 50% for the first 180 days, one year, two years, three years, and four years respectively.

	Across the four years, the abortion group had 70 % more in-patient mental health claims than the birth group. Percentages equaled 90%, 110%, and 200% for depressive psychosis, single episode, depressive psychosis, recurrent episode, and bipolar disorder, respectfully

Barb: /* Abortion and Sexual Promiscuity/ Dysfunction */

2013-05-06T18:02:41Z

Abortion and Sexual Promiscuity/ Dysfunction

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 6 May 2013
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	A French study found that religious practice was associated with a reduced risk of repeat abortion.		A French study found that religious practice was associated with a reduced risk of repeat abortion.



	~~== Abortion and Sexual Promiscuity/ Dysfunction ==~~

	~~National Study of Family Growth-1995, Cycle V, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 1997~~

	A national U.S. study of ever-pregnant women over age 35 found that women with no history of abortion had fewer sex partners before marriage (3.4 v. 9.2), and fewer lifetime sex partners (4.4 v. 12.7) compared to women with a history of abortion. Excluding women who had no sex partners before marriage, women with two or more abortions were likely to have more sex partners after marriage, (5.0), compared to women with a single abortion (2.0), or women with no history of abortion (2.0).

	~~Forbidden Grief.The Unspoken Pain of Abortion, Theresa Burke and David Reardon, Springfield, IL:Acorn Books, 2002.~~

	In an Elliot Institute survey of 260 women who were involved in faith-based postabortion counseling or advocacy groups, 42.7% said they became promiscuous within one month following their abortion; 51.6% said they became promiscuous within 6 months following their abortion; 46.6% said they developed an aversion to sex or became sexually unresponsive within one month, and 38.5% said they developed an aversion to sex or became sexually unresponsive within 6 months following their abortion.

	~~Psychosocial Sequelae of Therapeutic Abortion in Young Unmarried Women, Judith Wallerstein et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:828, 1972.~~

	In-depth interviews of 22 women under 22 years of age who had an abortion At a Planned Parenthood facility in northern California in 1969-1970 at 5-7 months postabortion, 9 reported a newly begun promiscuous pattern in relationships with men following their abortion.

	Physical and Psychological Injury in Women Following Abortion: Akron Pregnancy Services Survey, L Gsellman, Association for Interdisciplinary Research in Values and Social Change Newsletter 5(4) 1-8, 1993.

	In a self-reported questionnaire survey of 344 postabortion women with a mean age of approximately 18 years at the time of their abortion and who were receiving general pregnancy related services (including 28% who had presented for post abortion counseling) , 9% of the women reported sexual promiscuity, 14% reported frigidity, and 23% reported a desire to get pregnant again as postabortion psychological complaints.

	~~Psycho-Social Stress Following Abortion, Anne Speckhard, Kansas City: Sheed & Ward, 1987.~~

	A study of 30 women who reported long term stress from abortion, 31% reported sexual promiscuity, 35% reported feelings of sexual anxiety, 35% reported a deter- ioration of their sexual relationship, and 69% reported feelings of sexual inhibition.

	~~Health issues associated with increasing "crack" use among female sex workers, in London, H Ward et al, Sex Transm Infect 76(4):292,~~

	~~Thirty-four percent of female sex workers reported using "crack" cocaine in 1995- 1996. Crack cocaine use was associated with abortion and hepatitis C infection.~~

	~~What have we learned from adolescent prostitutes in the Caribbean that adult prostitutes did not tell us?, M Alegria et al, Int Conf AIDS, June, 1993; 9(1)89 (Abstract No. WS-CO8-2).~~

	Prostitution for adolescents begins with family or academic problems leading to early sexual experience with boyfriend followed by pregnancy and abortion which leads to economic/emotional despair followed by prostitution and then drug use.

	~~HIV risk relevant behaviors of Japanese adolescents, T Munkata and K Fujisawa, Int Conf AIDS 11(1) 385, July, 1996 (Abstract No. Tu.D.27012)~~

	A mail survey to 10,000 Japanese adolescents age 13-24 in 1995 found that casual sex experiences were significantly influenced by self- or partners' abortion experience. Casual sex included having "first time" sex where partners were "sexually excited without love", "curiosity", "can't say No", or "nothing in particular".

	Pregnancy outcome after ecstasy use; 43 cases followed by the Teratology Information Service of the National Institute for Public Health and Environment, MM van-Tonninger-van Driel et al, Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2;143(1): 27-31, 1999 (English Abstract).

	A Dutch study of 43 women who used ecstacy during pregnancy reported that pregnancies were often unplanned and previous pregnancies had often been terminated. Besides ecstacy, mothers frequently also used other substances potentially harmful to the pregnancy and child.

	~~Repeat Abortion: Blaming the Victims, B Howe et al, Am J Public Health 69(12):70, 1979.~~

	~~Women who repeated abortion were found to be more sexually active compared to women with first abortions even though they used contraception more than women with one abortion.~~

	~~Repeat Abortion: Is It a Problem?, C Berger et al, Family Planning Perspectives 16(2): 70, 1984.~~

	A Canadian study found that women who repeated abortion had more frequent itercourse, less satisfying relations with their partner, had more difficulty sleeping, and were less likely to live with their partner compared to women with a single abortion.

Barb: /* Subsequent Miscarriage/Premature Birth or Low Birth Weight */

2013-05-06T18:00:58Z

Subsequent Miscarriage/Premature Birth or Low Birth Weight

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 6 May 2013
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	A Danish record linkage study from 1980-1982 found that there was an increased risk for retained placenta (OR 1.17,95%CI, 1.02-1.35) for women with one previous induced abortion , and an increased risk for retained placenta for women with two or more previous induced abortions (OR 1.68, 95%CI, 1.23-2.30) compared with a control cohort with similar gravidity who did not terminate a pregnancy with an induced abortion. No significant association with placenta previa was found.		A Danish record linkage study from 1980-1982 found that there was an increased risk for retained placenta (OR 1.17,95%CI, 1.02-1.35) for women with one previous induced abortion , and an increased risk for retained placenta for women with two or more previous induced abortions (OR 1.68, 95%CI, 1.23-2.30) compared with a control cohort with similar gravidity who did not terminate a pregnancy with an induced abortion. No significant association with placenta previa was found.



	~~== Subsequent Miscarriage/Premature Birth or Low Birth Weight ==~~

	~~Induced Abortion and Risk of Later Premature Births, B Rooney and BC Calhoun, Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 8(2):46-49, 2003.~~

	~~This study summarizes 49 studies which have demonstrated a statistically significant risk in premature births among women with prior induced abortions.~~

Barb: /* Suicide/Attempted Suicide */

2013-05-06T17:35:31Z

Suicide/Attempted Suicide

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 6 May 2013
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	Across the four years, the abortion group had 70 % more in-patient mental health claims than the birth group. Percentages equaled 90%, 110%, and 200% for depressive psychosis, single episode, depressive psychosis, recurrent episode, and bipolar disorder, respectfully		Across the four years, the abortion group had 70 % more in-patient mental health claims than the birth group. Percentages equaled 90%, 110%, and 200% for depressive psychosis, single episode, depressive psychosis, recurrent episode, and bipolar disorder, respectfully



	~~== Suicide/Attempted Suicide ==~~

	~~Mental health may deteriorate as a direct effect of induced abortion, C Morgan et al, British Medical Journal 314:902, 1997~~

	British researchers studied the frequency of admissions for attempted suicide by pregnancy event in women aged 15-49 in South Glamorgan Health Authority from 1991-1995. The overall frequency of admissions before induced abortion was 5.0 per 1000 and after induced abortion was 8.1 per 1000; The overall frequency of admissions before delivery was 2.9 per 1000 and after delivery was 1.9 per 1000. The authors concluded that, "the increased risk of suicide after an induced abortion may be a consequence of the procedure itself (and) data suggest that a deterioration in mental health may be a consequential side effect of induced abortion."

Barb: /* Substance Abuse and Induced Abortion */

2013-05-06T17:33:46Z

Substance Abuse and Induced Abortion

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:33, 6 May 2013
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	British researchers studied the frequency of admissions for attempted suicide by pregnancy event in women aged 15-49 in South Glamorgan Health Authority from 1991-1995. The overall frequency of admissions before induced abortion was 5.0 per 1000 and after induced abortion was 8.1 per 1000; The overall frequency of admissions before delivery was 2.9 per 1000 and after delivery was 1.9 per 1000. The authors concluded that, "the increased risk of suicide after an induced abortion may be a consequence of the procedure itself (and) data suggest that a deterioration in mental health may be a consequential side effect of induced abortion."		British researchers studied the frequency of admissions for attempted suicide by pregnancy event in women aged 15-49 in South Glamorgan Health Authority from 1991-1995. The overall frequency of admissions before induced abortion was 5.0 per 1000 and after induced abortion was 8.1 per 1000; The overall frequency of admissions before delivery was 2.9 per 1000 and after delivery was 1.9 per 1000. The authors concluded that, "the increased risk of suicide after an induced abortion may be a consequence of the procedure itself (and) data suggest that a deterioration in mental health may be a consequential side effect of induced abortion."



	~~==Substance Abuse and Induced Abortion ==~~

	~~History of induced abortion in relation to substance abuse during subsequent pregnancies carried to term, PK Coleman et al, Am J Obstet Gynecol 187: 1673-1678, 2002.~~

	A nationally representative sample of women using data from the National Pregnancy and Health Survey found that, compared to women who had given birth, women who had had an induced abortion were significantly more likely to use marijuana (OR 10.29,95%CI, 3.47-30.56) , various illicit drugs (OR 5.60, 95%CI, 2.39-13.10) , and alcohol (OR 2.22,95%CI, 1.31-3.76) during their next pregnancy. An average of 5 years had elapsed since a prior abortion; an average of 3.42 years had elapsed since a prior birth.

Barb: /* Smoking */

2013-05-06T17:29:37Z

Smoking

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 6 May 2013
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	A nationally representative sample of women using data from the National Pregnancy and Health Survey found that, compared to women who had given birth, women who had had an induced abortion were significantly more likely to use marijuana (OR 10.29,95%CI, 3.47-30.56) , various illicit drugs (OR 5.60, 95%CI, 2.39-13.10) , and alcohol (OR 2.22,95%CI, 1.31-3.76) during their next pregnancy. An average of 5 years had elapsed since a prior abortion; an average of 3.42 years had elapsed since a prior birth.		A nationally representative sample of women using data from the National Pregnancy and Health Survey found that, compared to women who had given birth, women who had had an induced abortion were significantly more likely to use marijuana (OR 10.29,95%CI, 3.47-30.56) , various illicit drugs (OR 5.60, 95%CI, 2.39-13.10) , and alcohol (OR 2.22,95%CI, 1.31-3.76) during their next pregnancy. An average of 5 years had elapsed since a prior abortion; an average of 3.42 years had elapsed since a prior birth.



	~~== Smoking ==~~

	~~Nicotine Dependence and Major Depression, N Breslau et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:31-35, 1993~~

	A history of major depression increased the risk for progression to nicotine dependence or more severe levels of dependence (OR 2.06,95%CI, 1.21-3.49). Persons with a history of nicotine dependence had a higher rate of first instance major depression during a 14 month follow-up period than persons with no history of nicotine dependence (7.5% v. 3.2% ; (OR 2.45,95%CI, 1.17-5.15). see also, Smoking and Major Depression, KS Kendler et al, Arch Gen Psychiatry 50:36-43, 1993 (average levels of cigarette consumption were strongly related with the lifetime prevalence rate for major depression.)