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''Repeated requests for termination of pregnancy. Some socio-cultural and psychological aspects, B Mattauer et al, Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 12(4) 573-580,1984 (English Abstract)''
:A French study found that women with defective parental images had three times the risk of repeat abortion. Previous difficulties of pregnancy or delivery were associated with a higher risk of repeat abortion. Religious practice was associated with a reduced risk of repeat abortion.

''Repeat abortion: a qualitative study, M Tornbom, A Moller, J. Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 20(1):21-30, 1999''
:In-depth interviews of Swedish women seeking a repeat abortion found that most of the women seemed to have a psychological vulnerability with many current and previous problems, as well as problems regarding sexuality. The authors concluded that the main reason for an unplanned pregnancy is not a lack of information or even a lack of knowledge, but rather a failure to integrate the knowledge with situational, intrapsychic and social factors.

''"Adolescent Mourning Reactions to Infant and Fetal Loss," NH Horowitz, Social Casework 59:551, 1978. ''
:Replacement pregnancies may follow adolescent abortion.


''"Post-Abortion Perceptions: A Comparison of Self-Identified Distressed and Non- Distressed Populations," GK Congleton and GC Calhoun, The Int'l Journal of Social Psychiatry39(4): 255, 1993. ''
: Women experiencing postabortion stress were more likely to report a desire to replace the fetus, report depression around the anniversary date or due date, and immediately experience feelings of loss compared to women reporting relieving/neutral postabortion experiences.


''"Post-Abortion Trauma; 9 Steps to Recovery," Jeanette Vought (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1991) ''
:53% of women in a religiously-based postabortion recovery group stated they desired to get pregnant again to compensate for the loss.


''"Physical and Psychological Injury in Women Following Abortion: Akron Pregnancy Services Survey," L Gsellman, Association for Interdisciplinary Research in Values and Social Change Newsletter 5(4): 108, Sept/Oct, 1993 ''
:In a questionnaire survey of post-abortion women who were obtaining a variety of services at a pregnancy services center between 1988-93, 23% stated they desired to get pregnant again as a psychological reaction to abortion.


''"Selection bias in a study on how women experienced induced abortion," H [[Soderberg]] et al, Eur J Obstet & Gynecol 77:67, 1998. ''
:Swedish researchers at Lund University calculated that of approximately 33,000 induced abortions in Sweden each year, that about 6000 of these women will become pregnant again within 12 months, with half of them carrying to term, and the other half undergoing another induced abortion. (Non-participants in the follow-up study seemed to have a sense of guilt that they did not wish to discuss. These non-participants were significantly more likely to conceive again within 12 months and carry to term compared to study participants.)


''"Conception rates after abortion with methotrexate and misoprostol," MD Creinin, Int'l J Gynaecol Obstet 65: 183-188, 1999. ''
:25% of women who had abortions using methotrexate and misoprostol became pregnant again within the next 12 months. The vast majority of these pregnancies resulted in another induced abortion.


''"Contraception and Repeat Abortion: An Epidemiological Investigation," MJ Shephard and MB Bracken, J Biosocial Science 11:289, 1979. ''
:In a Connecticut study of abortion and contraceptive practice, it was found that 42% of women repeating abortion had had an abortion within the previous year. 


''"Repeat Pregnancies Among Metropolitan Area Teenagers, 1971-1979," MA Koenig and M Zelnik, Family Planning Perspectives 14(6):341, Nov/Dec 1982.''
:Among metropolitan teenagers age 15-19 whose first premarital pregnancy ended in abortion, 27% had a second premarital pregnancy within 12 months, 49.8% within 18 months and 74.9% within 24 months postabortion.


''"Rapid Repeat Pregnancy and Experiences of Interpersonal Violence Among Low- Income Adolescents," M Jacoby et al, Am J Prev Med 16(4):318-321, 1999.''
:A Michigan study of low income women aged 13-21 found that within 12 months of a prior pregnancy outcome (delivery, spontaneous abortion, elective abortion), 43.6% of the women were again pregnant within 12 months, and by 18 months 63.2% had experienced at least one additional pregnancy. Women whose pregnancies ended in spontaneous or elective abortion were more likely to experience rapid repeat pregnancy than women who carried to term.

--Repeat Abortion--

''[http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/articlerender.cgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15738488 Characteristics of women undergoing repeat induced abortion.]] Fisher WA, Singh SS, Shuper PA, Carey M, Otchet F, MacLean-Brine D, et al. CMAJ 2005;172(5):637-41''
:Background: Although repeat induced abortion is common, data concerning characteristics of women undergoing this procedure are lacking. We conducted this study to identify the characteristics, including history of physical abuse by a male partner and history of sexual abuse, of women who present for repeat induced abortion.

:Methods: We surveyed a consecutive series of women presenting for initial or repeat pregnancy termination to a regional provider of abortion services for a wide geographic area in southwestern Ontario between August 1998 and May 1999. Self-reported demographic characteristics, attitudes and practices regarding contraception, history of relationship violence, history of sexual abuse or coercion, and related variables were assessed as potential correlates of repeat induced abortion. We used χ2 tests for linear trend to examine characteristics of women undergoing a first, second, or third or subsequent abortion. We analyzed significant correlates of repeat abortion using stepwise multivariate multinomial logistic regression to identify factors uniquely associated with repeat abortion.

:Results: Of the 1221 women approached, 1145 (93.8%) consented to participate. Data regarding first versus repeat abortion were available for 1127 women. A total of 68.2%, 23.1% and 8.7% of the women were seeking a first, second, or third or subsequent abortion respectively. Adjusted odds ratios for undergoing repeat versus a first abortion increased significantly with increased age (second abortion: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.09; third or subsequent abortion: 1.11, 95% CI 1.07–1.15), oral contraceptive use at the time of conception (second abortion: 2.17, 95% CI 1.52–3.09; third or subsequent abortion: 2.60, 95% CI 1.51–4.46), history of physical abuse by a male partner (second abortion: 2.04, 95% CI 1.39–3.01; third or subsequent abortion: 2.78, 95% CI 1.62–4.79), history of sexual abuse or violence (second abortion: 1.58, 95% CI 1.11–2.25; third or subsequent abortion: 2.53, 95% CI 1.50–4.28), history of sexually transmitted disease (second abortion: 1.50, 95% CI 0.98–2.29; third or subsequent abortion: 2.26, 95% CI 1.28–4.02) and being born outside Canada (second abortion: 1.83, 95% CI 1.19–2.79; third or subsequent abortion: 1.75, 95% CI 0.90–3.41).

:Interpretation: Among other factors, a history of physical or sexual abuse was associated with repeat induced abortion. Presentation for repeat abortion may be an important indication to screen for a current or past history of relationship violence and sexual abuse.


==Impact on Mental Health During Subsequent Pregnancies==
[http://www.ejog.org/article/S0301-2115(12)00447-2/fulltext Pregnancy loss and anxiety and depression during subsequent pregnancies: data from the C-ABC study.] Gong X, Hao J, Tao F, Zhang J, Wang H, Xu R. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2013 Jan;166(1):30-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.09.024. Epub 2012 Nov 10.Source
School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.

:OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that pregnancy loss may affect the mental health of women in subsequent pregnancies. The China Anhui Birth Defects and Child Development cohort study therefore aimed to investigate the influence of pregnancy loss on anxiety and depression in subsequent pregnancies.

:STUDY DESIGN: In total, 20,308 pregnant women provided written informed consent and completed the study questionnaire. The Self-rating Anxiety Scale and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale were used to evaluate anxiety and depression in pregnant women. Pearson's χ(2) test and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analyses.

:RESULTS: Of 20,308 pregnant women, 1495 (7.36%) had a history of miscarriage and 7686 (37.85%) had a history of induced abortion. The binary logistic regression model found that pregnant women with a history of miscarriage had a significantly higher risk of anxiety and depression in the first trimester than primigravidae after stratified analysis according to the timing of the first prenatal visit (p<0.05). Compared with pregnant women with no history of miscarriage, women who had a history of miscarriage and an interpregnancy interval of less than 6 months had increased risk of anxiety symptoms (p<0.05) and depression symptoms (p<0.05) during the first trimester. Women with an interpregnancy interval of 7-12 months had a 2.511-fold higher risk of depression (p<0.05) than women with no history of miscarriage. These findings were not changed after adjustment for maternal age, maternal education, family income, place of residence and pre-pregnancy body mass index.

:CONCLUSIONS: Women with a history of miscarriage experienced significant anxiety and depression during their next pregnancy. A short interpregnancy interval and the first trimester are risk factors for adverse mental health


[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24007380 Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss.] Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.

:Abstract Background: Scant literature exists on whether prior pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, and/or induced abortion) increases the risk of postpartum psychiatric disorders-specifically depression and anxiety-after subsequent births. This study compares: (1) risk factors for depression and/or anxiety disorders in the postpartum year among women with and without prior pregnancy loss; and (2) rates of these disorders in women with one versus multiple pregnancy losses. 
:Methods: One-hundred-ninety-two women recruited at first-year pediatric well-child care visits from an urban pediatric clinic provided demographic information, reproductive and health histories. They also completed depression screening tools and a standard semi-structured psychiatric diagnostic interview. 

:Results: Almost half of the participants (49%) reported a previous pregnancy loss (miscarriage, stillbirth, or induced abortion). More than half of those with a history of pregnancy loss reported more than one loss (52%). Women with prior pregnancy loss were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression (p=0.002) than women without a history of loss. Women with multiple losses were more likely to be diagnosed with major depression (p=0.047) and/or post-traumatic stress disorder (Fisher's exact [FET]=0.028) than women with a history of one pregnancy loss. Loss type was not related to depression, although number of losses was related to the presence of depression and anxiety. 

:Conclusions: Low-income urban mothers have high rates of pregnancy loss and often have experienced more than one loss and/or more than one type of loss. Women with a history of pregnancy loss are at increased risk for depression and anxiety, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), after the birth of a child. Future research is needed to understand the reasons that previous pregnancy loss is associated with subsequent postpartum depression and anxiety among this population of women.