Munk-Olsen et al

Induced First-Trimester Abortion and Risk of Mental Disorder.

Induced First-Trimester Abortion and Risk of Mental Disorder.   Munk-Olsen, T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard Ø, Mortensen PB. N Engl J Med 2011;364:332-9.

Abstract

Background
Concern has been expressed about potential harm to women’s mental health in association with having an induced abortion, but it remains unclear whether induced abortion is associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychiatric problems.

Methods
We conducted a population-based cohort study that involved linking information from the Danish Civil Registration system to the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and the Danish National Register of Patients. The information consisted of data for girls and women with no record of mental disorders during the 1995–2007 period who had a first-trimester induced abortion or a first childbirth during that period. We estimated the rates of first-time psychiatric contact (an inpatient admission or outpatient visit) for any type of mental disorder within the 12 months after the abortion or childbirth as compared with the 9-month period preceding the event.

Results
The incidence rates of first psychiatric contact per 1000 person-years among girls and women who had a first abortion were 14.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.7 to 15.6) before abortion and 15.2 (95% CI, 14.4 to 16.1) after abortion. The corresponding rates among girls and women who had a first childbirth were 3.9 (95% CI, 3.7 to 4.2) before delivery and 6.7 (95% CI, 6.4 to 7.0) post partum. The relative risk of a psychiatric contact did not differ significantly after abortion as compared with before abortion (P = 0.19) but did increase after childbirth as compared with before childbirth (P<0.001).

Conclusions
The finding that the incidence rate of psychiatric contact was similar before and after a first-trimester abortion does not support the hypothesis that there is an increased risk of mental disorders after a first-trimester induced abortion. (Funded by the Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation and the Danish Medical Research Council.)

Key Findings

1. Abortion is not associated with any improvement in mental health.  This finding is consistent with previous studies.
   
2. The year following abortion was associated with a higher rate of treatment for some mental health conditions compared to the nine months prior to the abortion, including 1 to 3 months while pregnant. Specifically, relative risk for psychiatric visits involving neurotic, stress-related, or somatoform disorders was 47% and 37% higher for women post-abortion compared to pre-abortion at 2 and 3 months respectively. In addition, psychiatric contact for personality or behavioral disorders was 56%, 45%, 31%, and 55% higher at 3, 4-6, 7-9, and 10-12 months respectively. 
3. The rate of mental health treatments following a first abortion is significantly higher than the rate of mental health treatments following a first delivery. However, the rate of mental health treatment in the nine months prior to abortion (including up to three months coping with pre-abortion stresses) was also higher than the rate of mental health treatments before and after a live birth.
4. Women who have abortions have higher rates of psychiatric treatment (15.2 per 1000 person years) than women who have not been pregnant (8.2 per 1000 person years) and women who deliver their first pregnancy (6.7 per 1000 person years).
5. The findings of this study indicate that compared to other women, the elevated rates of mental health problems associated with abortion occur both before the abortion (during the nine months preceding the date of the abortion) and after the abortion.
6. Because of differences in study design, and because the study did find elevated rates of psychological problems associated with abortion compared to delivering and non-pregnant women, the findings of this study clearly do not contradict previous studies linking abortion to elevated rates of psychological problems. The study does contribute to the literature, however, in that it provides evidence that some mental health problems associated with abortion may arise from pre-abortion stresses, during the time frame of discovering an unintended pregnancy, facing the pressures and concerns associated with making the abortion decision, and undertaking the abortion itself.
7. Clinicians should be alert to the fact that there are higher rates of mental health treatments are sought by women in the year following a first abortion compared to the year following a first delivery.
8. The researchers in this study conclude that the higher rates of mental health treatments provided to women who have abortions is not causally due to abortion, but rather due to a self-selection bias causing women with a propensity to require higher rates of mental health care to be more likely to have abortions.  (This conclusion is a good bit at odds with the study's design since it actually excluded women with a history of inpatient care prior to their first pregnancy, in other words, it was designed to look at the most mentally healthy set of women).  Even if this speculation were confirmed, it raises the interesting question: Is abortion "attractive" to the mentally unstable as an act of healing or as an act of self-destruction?  The lack of any evidence of benefit and the abundance of evidence of continued or increased mental health problems after an abortion suggest that it is not an act of healing.
   
   
   

Limitations

1. Although the researchers asserted that they were comparing women having a first trimester abortion to women giving birth, the study actually mixed the groups. Delivering women who had a previous abortion were included in both the birth group and abortion group. Similarly, women who gave birth to one or more children and then had a subsequent abortion were also included in both groups. The design necessarily dilutes all effects by mixing aborting women and delivering women. In all similar record linkage studies, women with both abortion and childbirth experiences as a third group, one which can be then be compared to both the group of women having only a history of abortion and those having only a history of childbirth.

a) Several other other studies have already shown that a history of abortion increases the risk of psychiatric problems during subsequent pregnancies that are delivered. For women with a history of abortion, preparing to give birth to a first live born child can itself trigger unresolved emotional issues regarding a prior abortion.

b)Munk-Olsen's failure to segregate the delivering women in this study who previously had abortions would necessarily increase the overall average of psychiatric issues attributed to childbirth even though a significant portion of the effects may actually have been due to the prior abortions.

1. The pre-event (abortion or childbirth) measure of mental health was limited to only 9 months.  This period was chosen to include (on average) only the time that a delivering woman was pregnant.  It therefore totally ignores the pre-pregnancy mental health of delivering women. By contrast, for women who had abortions this nine month pre-event window includes six to eight pre-pregnant months plus one to three months during which the woman discovered she was faced with an unintended pregnancy and was deciding on an abortion.
2. While it is important to control for prior mental health, it would have been far preferable to use the the full life history of psychiatric treatments for women in both groups, or at least a five year history prior to the pregnancy. Such far more complete data exists in the Danish database. It was available to the researchers.  Why it was not used is unclear.
3. At the very least, the control period should have been based on a period of time estimated to have been before the women in both groups became pregnant, as was done in the Reardon(2003) analysis of California medical records, which Munk-Olsen was seeking to replicate and refute. Furthermore, while the researchers did exclude women who had any prior history of inpatient psychiatric care, they did not control for prior history of outpatient psychiatric care.  In other words, we do not know if there were any differences in the rates of outpatient treatment between the two groups.
4. The study excluded women who died (including death from suicide) prior to the end of the 12 month follow-up. Given numerous studies showing higher rates of suicide and deaths from accidents following abortion, this design decision may skew the results.
5. The study considered only a single psychiatric treatment.  It did not measure or weight repeated treatments, which might be used as a measure of the severity and duration of mental health problems.
6.  The study put women in both categories.  Women who had both an abortion and delivery appeared in both groups.  This may have confounding effects.  To eliminate these confounding effects the authors should have limited the study to first pregnancy outcome, and included miscarriage and other natural losses as a third group.
7. Curiously the researchers did not follow the research approach used in previous Danish Study Hospitalization for Mental Illness among Parents after the Death of a Child which examined mental health over a much longer period than just 12 months. Nor did they use a one year exclusion of women with prior hospitalization as was done in the record based study of low income women in California. This tendency to vary from prior research methods, using arbitrary periods like nine months arouses suspicion that selection criteria were chosen to magnify, or diminish, results in a fashion that best supported the authors' hypothesis.
8. The paper failed to cite the only previous record linkage studies on abortion and mental health, a study of 56,741 low income women in California, all of which found significantly higher rates of treatments for mental health and sleep disorders following abortion. This is very significant since these are the best studies with which to compare results and also the ones which should have informed study design; specifically, Munk-Olsen should have equaled or exceeded the methodological approach previously employed. Instead, she chose an inferior approach, controlling for less time prior to the pregnancy outcome and examining psychiatric outcomes for a shorter period following pregnancy outcomes.
9. In addition to ignoring previous record linkage studies, the author's discussion merely compared their results to previous interview based studies, in what was clearly an attempt to suggest that "all" previous studies suffered from selection bias and that, therefore, their record linkage study was superior to all the previous literature (even though they were actually avoiding the comparison of their results the three record linkage studies described above).
10. Bottom line: the control for prior mental health history in this study is very weak and may even lead to misleading results. Additional problems associated with this choice to limit prior mental health issues to this nine-month window prior to pregnancy outcome are detailed below:
    • For women carrying to term, the nine month window does not include any pre-pregnancy time. Women who are excited about having a baby may be less likely to seek mental health.  This may is why the incidence rate is so low 3.9%.  With only a nine-month pre-event window, the authors are even excluding those women who may have been experiencing anxiety or other problems as they struggled to become pregnant.  So this measure of mental health during a first pregnancy is a poor indicator of mental health prior to a first delivery, much less prior to first pregnancy.
    • Given the lack of more complete controls for mental health history suggested above, we must assume that since both groups had no prior history of outpatient mental health care prior to their first pregnancies, the mental health of both groups was very similar prior to becoming pregnant.  The three fold increase in mental health treatments prior to abortion (14.6 per 1000 yrs) compared to women who gave birth (3.9 per 1000 yrs) would therefore appear to be most likely explained by stress these women faced discovering they were faced with an unplanned pregnancy and, in many cases, the concurrent disruption of relationships with male partners, parents, employers and others.  In addition, abortion women were more likely to involved in unstable and possibly abusive relationships prior to their pregnancies.  It is not surprising, then, that many of these women facing the stress of abortion decision-making sought psychiatric advise at a much more elevated rate than they had in the past.
    • It is a common failure in abortion research to fail to identify the difference between pre-pregnancy mental health and pre-abortion mental health. Proponents of the abortion and mental health (AMH) connection generally support the view that abortion experience includes pre-abortion mental health stressors occur between the impregnation and abortion.  Discovery of the pregnancy, negative interactions with loved ones over the pregnancy, moral struggles, maternal stress, morning sickness, stress related to career and education decisions, and numerous other factors associated with the pregnancy can all contribute to escalating levels of stress.  Indeed, AMH proponents often describe abortion as both a stress reliever (because it resolves some of these pre-abortion stresses) and a stress inducer (because it creates new stresses or calcifies existing stresses).  This study's failure to distinguish between pre-pregnancy mental health history and post-conception/pre-abortion mental health history prevents any application of the findings to the more central question of when, if ever, an abortion to be beneficial.
    • AMH deniers often suggest that higher rates of post-abortion mental health problems, which are consistently found in the literature, are due to higher rates of pre-existing mental health problems unrelated to the abortion or the unintended pregnancy.  This hypothesis has not yet been tested due to the failure to distinguish between pre-pregnancy mental health and pre-abortion mental health.  This study, again, fails to make that distinction, which is especially unfortunate since, being a record based study, the necessary data was available to the researchers. 
      

11. The only confounding variables for which the authors use controls are age and number of pregnancies. Controls for marital status and socioeconomic status are missing, even though such data is generally available in record based studies.
12. All women who had a history of psychiatric inpatient treatment more than 9 months prior to the abortion were excluded from the study. Many studies suggest that these women are at heightened risk for post-abortion mental health problems. Additional research should be done to look only at this subset of women to determine if women with a prior history of significant mental health problems (pre-pregnancy) are likely to have a lower or higher rate of mental health problems after abortion or after childbirth.
13. Women who experience repeat abortions are likewise not considered. Approximately half of all abortions, at least in the United States, are for women with a prior history of abortion. Numerous studies indicate an elevated risk of mental health problems associated with multiple abortions. This study fails to shed any light on this important issue.
14. The limited follow-up to just one year after the pregnancy outcome is also an unfortunate limitation. There is evidence that elevated rates of post-abortion reactions persist for at least four years. Conversely, post-partum reactions tend to occur within the first few months following a delivery and the mental health benefits of childbirth may therefore be underestimated by examining treatment rates within only one year.
15. The study did not examine whether the individual women who had psychiatric treatment prior to the abortion were at higher or lower risk of additional psychiatric treatment after the abortion.  For example, did pre-abortion mental health screening/counseling help to reduce subsequent risk of mental health treatment?  Or was it a predictor of higher rates of subsequent mental health treatment?  This is an important issue not answered by the study.
16. The authors' conclusions are not consistent with the data. Specifically, the authors conclude: "our study shows that the rates of a first-time psychiatric contact before and after a first-trimester induced abortion are similar."  The identification of some "similar" rates, however, does not change the fact that their data also showed several statistically significant higher rates for specific mental disorders following abortion (see table 1). It would have been reasonable for their main conclusion to have been "our study shows higher rates of treatment for psychological illness  Additional study, and better controls, may reveal even more significant differences.  In addition, the authors statement that "This finding does not support the hypothesis that there is an overall increased risk of mental disorders after first-trimester induced abortion," oversimplifies and misrepresents the hypotheses presented by AMH proponents.  Even more importantly, the findings of this study do not contradict even this oversimplified hypothesis.  Instead, the conclusion seems crafted to be a sound-bite that obfuscates rather than clarifies the issues of concern.
17. The study results are slanted by the exclusion of women most likely to have the most severe reactions to abortion, namely (a) women aborting after the first trimester, (b) those with a prior history of psychiatric hospitalization, and (c) women who died from suicide or accidents (elevated risk taking behavior or unrecognized suicide) within the year following their pregnancies.
18. The Danish records are so complete that nearly all of these problems could have been addressed through better analyses. The fact that the researchers did not attempt to replicate the better design found in previous studies, but instead incorporated these methodological problems into their study design suggests that they did so in order to slant their result toward their intended conclusions.

First-time first-trimester induced abortion and risk of readmission to a psychiatric hospital

First-time first-trimester induced abortion and risk of readmission to a psychiatric hospital in women with a history of treated mental disorder. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard O, Mortensen PB. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;69(2):159-65. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.153.

Context Mental health problems are associated with women's reproductive decisions and predict poor mental health outcomes after abortion and childbirth.

Objectives To study whether having a first-trimester induced abortion influenced the risk of psychiatric readmission and compare findings with readmission risk in women with mental disorders giving birth.

Design Survival analyses were performed in a population-based cohort study merging data from the Danish Civil Registration System, the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, and the Danish National Hospital Register from January 1,1994, to December 31, 2007.

Setting Denmark.

Participants: All women born in Denmark between 1962 and 1992 with a record of 1 or more psychiatric admissions at least 9 months before a first-time first-trimester induced abortion or childbirth.

Main Outcome Measure: Readmission at a psychiatric hospital with any type of mental disorder from 9 months before to 12 months after a first-time first-trimester induced abortion or childbirth.

Results: Relative risk (RR) for readmission risk 9 to 0 months before a first-trimester induced abortion was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.73-1.23) compared with the first year after the abortion. This contrasts with a reduced risk of readmission before childbirth (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.42-0.75) compared with the first year post partum. Proximity to previous psychiatric admission in particular predicted rehospitalization risks in both the abortion and the childbirth group.

Conclusions: Risk of readmission is similar before and after first-time first-trimester abortion, contrasting with a marked increased in risk of readmission post partum. We speculate that recent psychiatric episodes may influence women's decisions to have an induced abortion; however, this decision does not appear to influence the illness course in women with a history of treated mental disorders.

:Comments:

• Most of the limitations described above regarding Munk-Olsen's 2011 study also apply to this extended analysis.
• This study was limited to 2,838 women with a history of having inpatient treatment for psychiatric illness at some time prior to the nine months prior to their abortions. In other words, it is limited to women who most likely have the most mental health problems.
• Why Munk-Olsen does not run the same analyses for women with the least prior mental health problems is not explained. Almost certainly because the results do not favor her thesis.
• Her main conclusion is that the rate of women being readmitted for psychiatric care after an abortion is similar to the rate during the nine months before an abortion proves that abortion does not change the rate of psychiatric admissions among women. But in fact, she does not measure the number of readmissions each woman faces, but only whether she is admitted once. Nor does she look to see if the admissions are for longer periods or for any other measure of whether their psychiatric illnesses have become worse or better. Instead, she simply speculates that these women are most likely to have chosen abortions because of their pre-existing psychiatric issues.
• Without any attempt to measure the frequency of subsequent treatments beyond a first time readmission, or any other measure of severity, plus with the limitation to only one year follow-up (and no reporting of suicides), her conclusion that abortion "does not appear to influence the illness course in women with a history of treated mental disorders" is totally unsupported by the very limited evidence she choose to share.

Letter to Editor By David Reardon Identifying Methodological Problems and Requesting Additional Analyses

Correction of Study Design Problems Would Bring More Clarity to Abortion Mental Health Issue. Reardon DC. Arch Gen Psychiatry. February 23, 2012

As one of the authors of three record linkage studies examining abortion and mental health(1)(2)(3), I applaud the quality of data being accessed by the Munk-Olsen team(4)(5). I am disappointed that their review and discussion ignored our studies. But I’m even more disappointed by their study design decisions which tend to obscure rather than clarify the key issues in this field.

For example, because negative reactions to abortion increase with time(6) our study examined psychological treatments rates for four years. Munk-Olsen unnecessarily limited follow-up to one year.

Furthermore, our studies employed a uniform baseline, controlling for any psychiatric admissions prior to conception. By contrast, Munk-Olsen introduces a dissimilar comparison overlaying nine months of pregnancy for delivering women with a nine months mix of pregnancy and no pregnancy for aborting women.

The weakness of this dissimilar comparison is underscored by the finding that recent admission is the strongest predictor of subsequent readmissions(4). This creates a front loading problem as evidence by 14% of those assigned to the abortion group being readmitted within six months, prior to becoming pregnant. Worse, because the study design censored these cases after their first readmission, the design totally conceals any information about whether this “extra fragile” group (readmitted within 180 days) faced additional readmissions after their abortions.

It is my hope Munk-Olsen will ameliorate this effect by reporting via a published letter results of a reanalysis restricted to the 429 "reasonably stabilized" women whose previous discharge was at least one year prior to the 21-month period examined.

Yet another design problem was the decision to include 952 women (13%) into both the abortion and childbirth groups. Since abortion is associated with a higher risk of mental illness during or after subsequent pregnancies,(7)(8)(9)(10) such double assignment of women to both groups would tend to obscure rather than clarify differences.

This excellent data set can and should be put to better use. Future analyses should show segregated results for women divided into five groups: women with any history of hospitalization for mental health, and women with 0, 1-5, 5-10, and >10 outpatient mental health treatments, either lifetime or within 5 years prior to the estimated conception date of their first pregnancy. With these groupings, analyses should examine inpatient or outpatient treatment rates in the year prior to pregnancy and for one through five years following first pregnancy outcome (including birth, abortion, miscarriage, and other losses). This study design would more clearly identify relative risks of mental illness associated with various pregnancy outcomes for groups of women with various levels of predisposition to mental illness.

Finally, the opportunity to use these data to provide some definitive answers to questions relating reproductive experiences to mental health would be enhanced by including on the research team experts on both sides of this controversial research field, such as Priscilla Coleman and David Fergusson on one side and Brenda Major and Nancy Russo on the other. Such collaboration would increase confidence in both the study design and the interpretation of results.

References

(1) Reardon DC, Cougle JR, Rue VM, Shuping MW, Coleman PK, Ney PG. Psychiatric admissions of low income women following abortion and childbirth. Can Med Assoc J. 2003; 168(10):1253-7.

(2) Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue VM, Cougle JR.State-funded abortions vs. deliveries: A comparison of outpatient mental health claims over five years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2002; 72(1):141–52.

(3) Reardon DC, Coleman PK. Relative treatment rates for sleep disorders and sleep disturbances following abortion and childbirth: a prospective record-based study. Sleep. 2006 Jan;29(1):105-6.

(4) Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard O, Mortensen PB. First-time first-trimester induced abortion and risk of readmission to a psychiatric hospital in women with a history of treated mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;69(2):159-65.

(5) Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard Ø, Mortensen PB. Induced first-trimester abortion and risk of mental disorder. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 27;364(4):332-9.

(6) Major B, Cozzarelli C, Cooper ML, Zubek J, Richards C, Wilhite M, Gramzow RH. Psychological responses of women after first-trimester abortion. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Aug;57(8):777-84.

(7) Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. Br J Health Psychol. 2005 May;10(Pt 2):255-68.

(8) Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue VM, Cougle J. A history of induced abortion in relation to substance use during subsequent pregnancies carried to term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Dec;187(6):1673-8.

(9) Stotland NL. Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):964-7.

(10) Burke T, Reardon DC. Forbidden Grief. The Unspoken Pain of Abortion. Springfield, IL: Acorn Books; 2002.

Critique by Priscilla Coleman

The study has numerous problematic elements and the results cannot be trusted for the reasons described below.

1) The sample is limited to women who had a first abortion or birth between 1994 and 2007. The oldest women in the population for whom the investigators had data were born in 1962, and many of the oldest women surely experienced their first abortion or birth well before 1994 (since they would have been 32 at the time), yet they are not included in the analyses and no explanation is provided for their exclusion.

2) There is a serious problem with the structuring of the birth and abortion groups that the authors openly acknowledge: out of the total sample of 8,131 women, 952 (nearly 12%) were in both groups! In order to conduct clean comparisons, these women should absolutely have been removed prior to conducting the analyses.

3) The authors only analyzed a very small fraction of all women with histories of mental illness, the most extreme forms requiring in-patient hospitalization. For every woman hospitalized for a mental illness after abortion, there are potentially 1000s of women suffering from disorders who received out-patient services, were never treated, of self-medicated with substances. The sample is very narrowly constructed.

4) The only control variables employed are age, calendar period, time since previous admission, reproductive history, and parental history of mental disorders. There were no controls for variables demonstrated in previous studies to be associated with the choice to abort and with post-abortion mental illness including marital status, education level, religion, income, relationship history variables including abuse, planning of the pregnancy, reasons women chose to undergo abortion, and pressure to abort, among other variables.

5) The authors conducted correlational analyses and inappropriately made inferences of causality, For example, in the first sentence in the conclusion section of the article they state: “In the present study, we found that first-time first-trimester induced abortion does not influence the risk of readmission to psychiatric facilities.” Such a statement is not permitted with the use of variables that cannot be controlled (like abortion status), particularly when so few control variables are incorporated.

6) Follow-up was limited to 12 months after the pregnancies were resolved. Prospective studies have shown that many women experience mental health problems associated with an abortion years after the procedure. By only measuring readmission for one year, women who have delayed responses, sometimes triggered by a later pregnancy, are not included in the analyses. The data are available in the Danish registries and there is no valid reason for cutting off the follow-up period so early.

Related Studies Where Munk-Olsen Continues to Reject Requests for Relevant Analyses

Munk-Olsen has published a substantial number of subsequent studies related to pregnancy and mental health but has neglected to report on effects associated with abortion . . . when it suits her. When requests have been made for her to report on the effects of abortion or to undertake any additional analyses which might shed further light on the issue, she has refused . . . a position which seems to lend credibility to the concern that she is seeking to conceal results which might reveal shortcomings in her published analyses and conclusions.

Bipolar Affective Disorders

'Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, Mortensen PB, Jones I. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;69(4):428-34. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.157. Epub 2011 Dec 5.'

CONTEXT: Childbirth has an important influence on the onset and course of bipolar affective disorder, and it is well established that there may be a delay of many years before receiving a diagnosis of bipolar disorder following an initial episode of psychiatric illness.

OBJECTIVE: To study to what extent psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset are early manifestations of an underlying bipolar affective disorder.

DESIGN: Survival analyses were performed in a register-based cohort study linking information from the Danish Civil Registration System and the Danish Psychiatric Central Register.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 120,378 women with a first-time psychiatric inpatient or outpatient contact with any type of mental disorder excluding bipolar affective disorder.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Each woman was followed up individually from the day of discharge, with the outcome of interest being an inpatient or outpatient contact during the follow-up period with a first-time diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder.

RESULTS: A total of 3062 women were readmitted or had an outpatient contact with bipolar affective disorder diagnoses. A postpartum onset of symptoms within 0 to 14 days after delivery predicted subsequent conversion to bipolar disorder (relative risk = 4.26; 95% CI =3.11-5.85). Approximately 14% of women with first-time psychiatric contacts during the first postpartum month converted to a bipolar diagnosis within the 15-year follow-up period compared with 4% of women with a first psychiatric contact not related to childbirth. Postpartum inpatient admissions were also associated with higher conversion rates to bipolar disorder than outpatient contacts (relative risk = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.27-3.66).

CONCLUSIONS: A psychiatric episode in the immediate postpartum period significantly predicted conversion to bipolar affective disorder during the follow-up period. Results indicate that the presentation of mental illness in the early postpartum period is a marker of possible underlying bipolarity.

Request for Additional Analysis (Refused)

BiPolar Disorder Study Neglects Prior Research and Adequate Controls. Reardon DC.

Dear Editor,

The Munk-Olsen team’s study of elevated risk of bipolar affective disorder following psychiatric illness in the first month after a delivery is potentially important.(1) Unfortunately, the study neglected to control for the effects of prior pregnancy outcomes on bipolarity.

This omission is striking given the fact that Munk-Olsen has used the same data to publish two studies on abortion and subsequent psychiatric treatment.(2)(3). She is also familiar with the three similar record linkage studies we have published in regard to a population of 56,751 low income women in California.(4)(5)(6)

One of these latter studies revealed that women with a history of abortion were three times more likely (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.5-6.0) to be hospitalized for bipolar disorder than women who carried to term during the four years following pregnancy outcome.(4) Our study also found that women who had abortions were 2.6 times more likely to be hospitalized for psychiatric treatment than were women delivered.(4) Similarly, Munk-Olsen has also found higher rates of psychiatric contact for each of the first 12 months following an abortion compared to delivery.(2) All of these facts have a direct bearing on the present study(1) and should have been addressed in the study design.

It is therefore tremendously baffling . . . if not suspicious . . . that the present study(1) did not include additional analyses relative to other pregnancy outcomes: abortion, miscarriage, and other pregnancy losses. Clearly, a history of pregnancy loss may impact the rates of postpartum depression following a live birth.(7)(8)(9) The failure to consider and control for pregnancy loss history is a major methodological weakness in this new study.

Both the American Psychological Task Force on Abortion and Mental Health and the Royal College of Psychiatry have called for more research regarding abortion and mental health. Yet studies such as this one continue to be published without information about the effects of pregnancy loss on the outcome, even when the researchers have access to complete reproductive histories. Whether investigation of these effects is being neglected due to lack of insight, or whether results are being redacted for ideological reasons, is unclear.

Journal editors and peer reviewers should heed the call for more research on associations between abortion and mental health by requesting that every study regarding reproductive outcomes and mental health should include segregated results allowing for comparisons relative to pregnancy outcome: live birth, miscarriage, abortion, and other losses.

It is my hope that Munk-Olsen will correct this oversight in the near future. Reanalysis should include segregated results allowing comparisons between delivering women with no history of pregnancy loss, women with a history of one abortion, women with a history of two or more abortions, and women with a history of one or more miscarriages.

It is my fear, however, that the politicization of abortion has long caused and continues to perpetuate a trend toward distortions in study design which are intended to either conceal or to obfuscate the associations between abortion and negative mental health outcomes.

References

(1) Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Meltzer-Brody S, Mortensen PB, Jones I. Psychiatric disorders with postpartum onset: possible early manifestations of bipolar affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print]

(2) Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard O, Mortensen PB. First-time first-trimester induced abortion and risk of readmission to a psychiatric hospital in women with a history of treated mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012 Feb;69(2):159-65.

(3) Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Lidegaard Ø, Mortensen PB. Induced first-trimester abortion and risk of mental disorder. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 27;364(4):332-9.

(4) Reardon DC, Cougle JR, Rue VM, Shuping MW, Coleman PK, Ney PG. Psychiatric admissions of low income women following abortion and childbirth. Can Med Assoc J. 2003; 168(10):1253-7.

(5) Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Rue VM, Cougle JR.State-funded abortions vs. deliveries: A comparison of outpatient mental health claims over five years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 2002; 72(1):141–52.

(6) Reardon DC, Coleman PK. Relative treatment rates for sleep disorders and sleep disturbances following abortion and childbirth: a prospective record-based study. Sleep. 2006 Jan;29(1):105-6.

(7) Burke T, Reardon DC. Forbidden Grief. The Unspoken Pain of Abortion. Springfield, IL: Acorn Books; 2002.

(8) Stotland NL. Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):964-7.

(9) Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.

Anti-Depressants Study

Prevalence of antidepressant use and contacts with psychiatrists and psychologists in pregnant and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Apr;125(4):318-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01784.x. Epub 2011 Nov 25. Munk-Olsen T, Gasse C, Laursen TM.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to study prevalence of antidepressant drug use from 12 months prior childbirth to 12 months postpartum and to compare the prevalences with those in a group of women of similar age who did not give birth. We additionally studied prevalences of contacts with private practicing psychiatrists and psychologists during a similar time period.

METHOD: Our study population comprised of pregnant women, and their controls were drawn from a 25% sample of the entire Danish population. Information on redeemed prescriptions for antidepressants and referrals to psychiatrists and psychologists was extracted. The outcome measure was period prevalence calculated in 3-month intervals from 12 months before childbirth to 12 months postpartum.

RESULTS: In the 2-year observation period around childbirth, 2733 (3.17%) women had one or more prescriptions for an antidepressant and 935 (1.18%) and 1399 (1.76%) were referred to consultations with a psychiatrist or psychologist, respectively. Women giving birth had a markedly lower use of antidepressants compared to controls, with the largest observed difference during third trimester of pregnancy (0.6% vs. 2.20%).

CONCLUSION: We found that the prevalence of redeemed prescriptions for antidepressants decreased during pregnancy and increased postpartum. Similar patterns were observed for contacts with private practicing psychiatrists and psychologists.

Request for Additional Analysis (Refused) Lack of pregnancy loss history mars depression study. Reardon DC. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012 Aug;126(2):155; author reply 155-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01880.x. Epub 2012 May 23.

Dear Editor,

The Munk-Olsen team’s study of antidepressant use and psychological treatments before, during, and after childbirth(1) unfortunately omits any control for the effects of prior pregnancies and any comparison to other pregnancy outcomes.

A history of pregnancy loss (including induced abortion or miscarriage) can be a stressor that may arouse unresolved feelings during and following subsequent pregnancies.(2)(3)(4) This is also evidenced by findings that women with a history of abortion are significantly more likely to self-medicate with drugs or alcohol during a subsequent pregnancy than women without a history of this pregnancy loss.(5)

The Munk-Olsen study would have been much more informative if it had included (a) controls for prior pregnancy outcomes, and (b) parallel analyses showing the treatment rates a year before and after other pregnancy outcomes, including abortion, miscarriage, and other natural losses.

The failure to provide this additional analysis is most striking given the fact that Munk-Olsen has used the same data to publish a much more nuanced comparison of psychiatric treatment rates among women who have abortions and women who carry to terms.

Both the American Psychological Task Force on Abortion and Mental Health and the Royal College of Psychiatry have called for more research regarding abortion and mental health.

In a broad sense, efforts to study the interactions between reproductive health and mental health will never be reliable as long as researchers ignore or suppress analyses which fail to encompass the full reproductive history of women, including both voluntary and involuntary pregnancy losses.

Journal editors and peer reviewers should be alert to this problem and should heed the call for better research by demanding that every study regarding reproductive outcomes and mental health should include segregated results allowing for direct comparison of outcome variables relative to the entire range of pregnancy outcomes: live birth, abortion, miscarriage, and other natural losses. By pressing researchers to address and report on these related pregnancy issues, reviewers and editors will helping to advance more rigorous investigation of all of these issues. Without such requests for more detailed analyses, study designs can easily be fashioned to avoid or minimize the investigation of controversial issues.

It is my hope that Munk-Olsen will address the research imperatives raised herein by expanding the study design presented in the present paper.(1) Reanalysis should include segregated results allowing comparisons between: (a) delivering women with no history of pregnancy loss, (b) delivering women with a history of one abortion, (c) delivering women with a history of two or more abortions, (d) delivering women with a history of one miscarriages, (e) delivering women with a history of two or more miscarriages, and treatment rates for (f) women with no prior pregnancy whose first pregnancy is aborted, and (g) women with no prior live birth who have two or more abortions or other losses.

David C. Reardon, Ph.D.

Elliot Institute

References

(1) Munk-Olsen T, Gasse C, Laursen TM. Prevalence of antidepressant use and contacts with psychiatrists and psychologists in pregnant and postpartum women. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2011 Nov 25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01784.x. [Epub ahead of print]

(2) Reardon DC, Cougle JR, Rue VM, Shuping MW, Coleman PK, Ney PG. Psychiatric admissions of low income women following abortion and childbirth. Can Med Assoc J. 2003; 168(10):1253-7.

(3) Burke T, Reardon DC. Forbidden Grief. The Unspoken Pain of Abortion. Springfield, IL: Acorn Books; 2002.

(4) Stotland NL. Abortion: social context, psychodynamic implications. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):964-7.

(5) Coleman PK, Reardon DC, Cougle JR. Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. Br J Health Psychol. 2005 May;10(Pt 2):255-68.

Psychiatric disorders following fetal death: a population-based cohort study.

Psychiatric disorders following fetal death: a population-based cohort study. Munk-Olsen T, Bech BH, Vestergaard M, Li J, Olsen J, Laursen TM. BMJ Open. 2014 Jun 6;4(6):e005187. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005187.

OBJECTIVES:Women have increased risks of severe mental disorders after childbirth and death of a child, but it remains unclear whether this association also applies to fetal loss and, if so, to which extent. We studied the risk of any inpatient or outpatient psychiatric treatment during the time period from 12 months before to 12 months after fetal death.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1,112,831 women born in Denmark from 1960 to 1995 were included. In total, 87,687 cases of fetal death (International Classification of Disease-10 codes for spontaneous abortion or stillbirth) were recorded between 1996 and 2010.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were incidence rate ratios (risk of first psychiatric inpatient or outpatient treatment).

RESULTS: A total of 1379 women had at least one psychiatric episode during follow-up from the year before fetal death to the year after. Within the first few months after the loss, women had an increased risk of psychiatric contact, IRR: 1.51 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.99). In comparison, no increased risk of psychiatric contact was found for the period before fetal death. The risk of experiencing a psychiatric episode was highest for women with a loss occurring after 20 weeks of gestation (12 month probability: 1.95%, 95% CI 1.50 to 2.39).

CONCLUSIONS: Fetal death was associated with a transient increased risk of experiencing a first-time episode of a psychiatric disorder, primarily adjustment disorders. The risk of psychiatric episodes tended to increase with increasing gestational age at the time of the loss.

EDITOR'S NOTE: Once again, Munk-Olsen's team chose to omit any analysis related to fetal deaths associated with induced abortion. Other researchers, however, have shown that abortion and miscarriage are both associated with higher rates of subsequent psychiatric disorders. See for example: Increased risk for postpartum psychiatric disorders among women with past pregnancy loss. Giannandrea SA, Cerulli C, Anson E, Chaudron LH. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2013 Sep;22(9):760-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2012.4011.

Methodological Inconsistencies

It's notable that a 2006 study of postpartum psychological illness done by Munk-Olsen does not match up with the results she reported for women giving birth in her 2011 study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM).

In the 2006 study she ignores abortion history and reports monthly rates of first time psychiatric hospitalization for women following a first live birth (table 1) that are much, much lower than what she reported in her 2011 abortion/childbirth study (figure 1). For example, in the first month after deliver, she reports an admissions rate of 2.84 per 1000 person years in the 2006 study, but a five times higher rate (just under 15 per 1000 person years) in the 2011 NEJM study.

What can explain this huge difference when she is supposedly reporting the same statistic for the same group of women in two different studies?

Well, in the 2006 study she excludes all women with a history of inpatient psychiatric care prior to their first delivery. That's a very reasonable approach if you want to measure how childbirth may impact emotionally healthy women. It is the same approach that could have and should have been used in the 2011 study.

But no, in the 2011 study she changes her protocol for unexplained reasons. In the 2011 study she suddenly decides to exclude only those women who had inpatient psychiatric care in the nine months prior to the abortion abortion or delivery which she is charting. She didn't choose one year, but nine months. Moreover, she didn't choose nine months or one year prior to the estimated conception date, but instead, prior to the outcome date...that means delivering women were pregnant almost the entire time and aborting women were pregnant for two to three months of that 9-month period which is pivotal for her comparisons.

Clearly, the exact same protocol use in the 2006 study could have been done. But no, in the 2006 study, she simply decides "pregnancies ending in abortion (both elective abortions and miscarriages) were not included in the study." This itself is very odd, since a well known 2003 study by Reardon looked at psychiatric admissions after not only childbirth, abortion, and miscarriage, but also at combinations of these, for women who experienced both live births and voluntary and involuntary pregnancy losses. Normally, researchers try to build on prior research and improve the methodology employed, not water it down to show fewer results.

In any case, Munk-Olsen not only failed to replicate Reardon's protocol, but she actually chose to water down her own established protocol. There's only one explanation for this. She needed to shift her approach in order to produce results that were more easily interpreted to advance her preconceived goal of blaming the higher rates of mental health problems following abortion on pre-existing mental health problems. Toward this end, she abandoned her 2006 methodology which employed women with the least compromised prior mental health (no prior inpatient psychiatric history) and instead chose to include women with prior psychiatric inpatient care.

By including women with more prior history of severe mental illness, she could blame the differences observed in the 2011 study on prior mental health problems. At the same time, she could avoid reporting on the psychological effects associated with abortion among women with no known history of prior psychiatric inpatient care (the same control group used in Reardon's 2003 study). Her desire to hide the impact of abortion on women with the least history of severe mental illness is underscored by her second 2011 study, published in Archives of General Psychiatry in which she specifically focuses on the women with prior history of mental health problems but fails to show how the same analysis applies to women without a prior history of mental health problems.

Other Munk-Olsen Studies with Better Methodology

Use of primary health care prior to a postpartum psychiatric episode. Munk-Olsen T, Pedersen HS, Laursen TM, Fenger-Grøn M, Vedsted P, Vestergaard M. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2015 Jun;33(2):127-33. doi: 10.3109/02813432.2015.1041832. Epub 2015 Jul 15.A

OBJECTIVE: Childbirth is a strong trigger of psychiatric episodes. Nevertheless, use of primary care before these episodes is not quantified. The aim was to study the use of general practice in Denmark from two years before to one year after childbirth in women who developed postpartum psychiatric disorders.

DESIGN: A matched cohort study was conducted including women who gave birth in the period 1996-2010. Women were divided into four groups: (i) all mothers with postpartum psychiatric episodes 0-3 months after birth, n = 939; 2: All mothers with a postpartum psychiatric episode 3-12 months after birth, n = 1 436; and (iii) two comparison groups of mothers, total n = 6 630 among 320 620 eligible women.

SUBJECTS: Women born in Denmark after 1 January 1960, restricting the cohort to women who gave birth to their first singleton child between 1 January 1996 and 20 October 2010.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were consultation rates, consultation rate ratios, and rate differences.

RESULTS: Women who developed a psychiatric episode after childbirth had higher GP consultation rates before, during, and after the pregnancy. Women with a psychiatric episode 0-3 months postpartum had 6.89 (95% CI 6.60; 7.18) mean number of consultations during pregnancy, corresponding to 1.52 (95% CI 1.22; 1.82) more visits than the comparison group.

CONCLUSION: Women with a postpartum psychiatric episode had higher use of GP-based primary health care services years before the childbirth, and in this specific group of patients childbirth itself triggered a marked increase in the number of GP contacts postpartum.

NOTES:

• In this study Munk-Olsen excluded women with any history of prior outpatient or inpatient psychiatric treatment prior to childbirth. This should also have been done in her abortion studies.
• Her analysis did not examine the effects of prior pregnancy loss on post-partum depression, even though research by Giannandrea (2013) has shown that women with a history of miscarriage and/or induced abortion are at higher risk of postpartum psychiatric problems, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD.